How To Install Input Devices

Your computer system probably came equipped with the standard keyboard and a mouse. Undoubtedly, you installed them at the time you set up your computer. But times change, and you may find that you would like to try a new mouse or an alternative input device.

An input device is any tool you use to enter information into your computer. In this article, we're only addressing the smaller input devices: mice, trackballs, touchpads, light pens, and pointing sticks. Other types of input devices include keyboards, joysticks, and scanners. You can read more about them in this issue. With the exception of the light pen, all of these devices install in the same manner and use the same kinds of ports.

First, let's look at what these input devices are and how they work.

Mice.

A mouse is the most familiar input device for most users. This device is so named because it remotely resembles a mouse. For those who have trouble with this analogy, imagine that the cable connecting the mouse to the computer is a tail. There are, however, both cordless mice and mice in other shapes. The least rodent-like mouse may be the pen-shaped mouse, designed for people who are more comfortable using a writing instrument than a computer. There also are novelty mice, shaped like cars, rocks, footballs, other animals, and so on.

What You Need To Know
>	Tools
	Phillips screwdriver
TD>	Time
	15 to 30 minutes
TD>	Cost
	Starting as low as $10
	Skill Level
	Easy to Difficult*
>	Benefits
	Changing input devices may make you more comfortable at your PC and may help prevent physical problems, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Some users may find alternative input devices easier to use than mice.
NOTES: *Ease of installation varies according to the device. Few components are as easy to install as a mouse; few are as difficult as a light pen.

Users move the entire mouse, gliding it across a flat surface. A ball in the bottom of the device rolls when the user moves the mouse across the desk or mousepad. The cursor position on the screen is related to the movement of the rolling ball. The amount of cursor movement relative to the mouse's movement is adjustable.

A mouse usually has two buttons that allow you to interact with a graphical user interface (GUI). A GUI, such as Windows, lets you interact with the PC using menus and icons—symbols that represent programs, files, or actions—to open files, carry out commands, and select options. A GUIis the opposite of a text-based interface, such as DOS, that requires the user to enter text commands. To select an icon or menu item in the GUI, users press the left button. The right button is rarely used, but can be used for special functions. The right mouse button is used often in the Windows 95 (Win95) operating system.

Trackballs.

Trackballs look a bit like mice turned upside-down. They have a roller ball on top instead of on the bottom surface. Rather than move the entire unit, you use your fingers or thumb to move the roller ball. Trackballs have buttons just as mice do, but they usually have more than two. The trackball that we installed had three buttons, one for the thumb and two for the last two fingers of the hand. The thumb button is used just like the left button on a mouse. The remaining buttons can be programmed for other functions, such as double-clicking.

Touchpads.

Touchpads, in a sense, use the most basic pointing device of all—your finger. You move your finger across a touch-sensitive pad, and the movement of your finger directs the movement of the cursor on the screen. To click on something on your screen, you tap on the pad instead of pressing a button, as you would with a mouse or trackball.

Light Pens.

Instead of being used on the desktop, light pens are used in contact with the computer screen. These are not to be confused with pen-shaped mice, which have a roller in the tip and work just like regular mice.

Pointing Sticks.

These devices, which have become common in laptop computers, look like eraserheads and function much like joysticks—you move the stick in the direction you want the cursor to go. In fact, one of the pointing sticks that we used for this article referred to itself as "The One-Touch Joystick For Your Desk." The main difference between joysticks and pointing sticks is their size; you use only one finger to move the pointing stick, instead of gripping it and moving it with your whole hand, as you would a joystick. Because of their small size, most pointing sticks are embedded in the keyboards of laptops. However, it is possible to purchase one for use with your desktop computer. A pointing stick is usually accompanied by two buttons, one on either side of the device, that function just like mouse buttons.

Installation.

NOTE: This article is merely meant to serve as a general guide to the various installation procedures for several input devices. Our instructions will be based on the products we installed. The instructions will vary somewhat from one product to another. You should refer to the manual included with the input device you have purchased, using it in conjunction with this article, instead of replacing the manual with our directions.

1 Turn off your computer and read the "Step 1" article on page 30. Follow the steps outlined there before you begin your upgrade. Whether you'll need to work inside your computer case will depend upon which device you are replacing or adding to your system. Check your users manual before opening the case to see if it's necessary.

2 If you are installing a new device to replace your current mouse, unplug the current mouse so you can use that port for the new device.

(NOTE: If the input device you're installing doesn't require a bus expansion board, skip to Step 4 now.)

Step3

3 A few input devices will require the installation of a bus expansion board, either because of special needs or because all of your existing ports are being used for other devices. Such boards, which are installed in expansion slots inside your computer case, create new ports at the back of the computer so you can add new input devices.

The light pen we installed also required us to install a light pen board. We installed this board, which came with the pen, into an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slot. ISA is an unofficial designation for the bus design of the IBM PC/XT expansion slot. Installing this card is similar to installing an expansion board for an input device if you don't have open ports.

First, make sure the base input/output (base I/O) address through which the computer will talk to the card is different from those used by other cards in your computer. (To check the base I/O address of a board, check its manual.) If there is a conflict, the manual should offer alternative settings and explain how to set the switches on the new board to one of these alternatives.

3a Before installing the board, you need to set the jumpers. Jumpers are small plugs or wires used to alter an aspect of a hardware configuration by connecting different points in an electronic circuit. These settings must be correct for your input device to work properly with the computer and any other peripherals. Instructions included with the input device will explain the various settings and how to change them if they conflict with another device.

3b Find an empty expansion slot, remove the slot cover, and keep the screw from that cover handy. You'll need it to secure the metal retaining bracket of the board.

In the case of the light pen, using the slot closest to the video card will make connections easier.

Line up the board's connector with the slot socket, press the board firmly into place, and then secure the board with the screw from the expansion slot cover. Put the cover back on your computer.

Step4

4 Locate the port you will be using for the device. If you have installed an expansion board, the port on that board can be accessed from the back of the computer. Most input devices come with an adapter that lets you connect the device to either a PS/2 port or a serial port. A few, however, don't come with adapters and only fit into one port. Check to be sure that your new device is compatible with an available port on the back of your computer.

PS/2 ports (also called mouse ports) are small and round; the connectors that fit into them are round with six pins. Serial ports are trapezoidal and generally have nine pins. The connectors for serial ports often have thumbscrews to secure the connection of the cable to the computer. These screws can be tightened by hand.

While most input devices are designed to fit either a PS/2 or a serial port, you can order adapters that let you plug the devices into a 25-pin serial port. Although these adapters aren't included with most retail packages, you usually can request one from the manufacturer.

If necessary, connect the adapter to the device's cable before connecting the cable to the port. This is done by matching the end of the adapter to the cable connector, pressing the two firmly together, and tightening thumbscrews, if there are any.

5 Next, connect the cable (with adapter attached, if needed) to the port on the back of your computer. Again, as with the adapter, match up the connector and the port so that any pins line up correctly, and press in firmly.

Do note that the connector will only fit in the port one way. If it doesn't seem to fit, don't force it. Look closely at the connector and port to be sure that they are compatible and that you have them lined up correctly. In most cases, it is very easy to determine how to line them up. Many connectors have arrows or flat sides indicating the top.

The light pen we used had two cables: a three-way serial cable to connect the light pen expansion board to the monitor and the video card, and a cord with a connector similar to a telephone jack to connect the pen to the board. Connect both of these cables now.

6 Once you've plugged the device into its port, you're ready to reconnect all of the cables and turn your computer on.

7 Some input devices will require software drivers. Many of those that require a driver will use one that's already in your operating system. Your manual will tell you whether you need to install a driver. If you do, the instructions will be included with the device, and the installation usually is guided by on-screen directions for each step. In Windows 3.1, you ordinarily begin the installation process by opening the Program Manager File menu, choosing Run, and typing an installation command such as a:\install. The specific command will be given in your manual. In Win95, software is installed by left-clicking Start, pointing to Settings, left-clicking Control Panel, and then double left-clicking the Add/Remove Programs icon and following the prompts. Input device drivers also can be installed in DOS. To do this, you usually insert the diskette containing the software, type a:\inst_DOS at the DOS prompt, and press ENTER. The installation program will begin, and from there you just follow directions. Check the installation manual for the specific command to type at the DOS prompt.

No matter which operating system you're using, you will need to restart your computer after installing the software for the new settings to take effect. Some installation programs automatically perform a reboot (restart) for you; others will prompt you to do it at the appropriate time.

8 You may need to adjust some settings to make your new input device work the way you prefer. For example, the tracking speed (how much the cursor moves on-screen in relation to how much you move the input device) may need to be adjusted if a device is significantly more or less sensitive than the one you've used previously. Another change some users, especially those who are left-handed, will want to make is to switch the buttons so that most actions use the right mouse or trackball button instead of the left. If you do that, you must use the opposite button from the one given in instructions. For example, if the program directions say to click with the left mouse button, you must use the right one. Some devices, like the trackball we installed, let you choose functions for various buttons.

To adjust these settings in Windows 3.1, open the Main program group in Program Manager, double-click on Control Panel, open the Settings menu, select Mouse, and make your changes. In Win95, you get to the Control Panel by left-clicking Start, pointing to Settings, and then choosing Control Panel. From that point, the process is the same.

If the input device you're using required software installation, there may be a control panel for that specific device. If this is the case, the custom control panel will be found in your Control Panel program group. These custom control panels offer the same kinds of options as the mouse control panel that is part of Windows: motion speed and sensitivity, double-click speed, acceleration, and button swapping.

by Diana K. McLean

Alat-alat Input,Output & Pemproses pada komputer beserta contohnya

Jumat, 06 November 2009 08:31 | Ditulis oleh Administrator | | |

saya mencoba membuat definisi beserta contoh-contoh dari alat Input,output & Pemproses beserta contoh-contohnya…

Dalam Perangkat Keras (Hardware) Komputer, terdapat 3 Buah Konsep perangkat keras,, yakni:

• Alat Input adalah alat-alat yang berfungsi memasukan data atau perintah kedalam komputer.Contoh dari alat input antara lain:

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Joystick
5. Camera digital
6. Microphone
7. Digitizer
8. Touch Screen
9. Touch pad
10. Track ball
11. Light Pen
12. Handy cam

• Alat Pemproses adalah alat-alat yang berfungsi mengolah data kedalam komputer setelah mengalami proses Input.Contoh dari alat pemproses adalah Processor
• Alat Output adalah alat-alat yang berfungsi mengeluarkan data-data yang berbentuk informasi.Contoh dari alat Output adalah:

1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speaker
4. Proyektor

DIAGRAM BLOK ALUR KERJA KOMPUTER

. Input Device (Alat Masukan)

Adalah alat-alat yang berfungsi memasukan data atau perintah kedalam komputer

2. Output Device (Alat Keluaran)

Adalah alat-alat yang berfungsi mengeluarkan data-data yang berbentuk informasi

3. I/O Ports

Bagian ini digunakan untuk menerima ataupun mengirim data ke luar sistem. Peralatan input dan output di atas terhubung melalui port ini.

4. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU merupakan otak sistem komputer, dan memiliki dua bagian fungsi operasional, yaitu: ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) sebagai pusat pengolah data, dan CU (Control Unit) sebagai pengontrol kerja komputer.

5. Memori

Memori terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu memori internal dan memori eksternal. Memori internal berupa RAM (Random Access Memory) yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan program yang kita olah untuk sementara waktu, dan ROM (Read Only Memory) yaitu memori yang haya bisa dibaca dan berguna sebagai penyedia informasi pada saat komputer pertama kali dinyalakan. Contoh memory External berupa Hardisk,Flashdisk dan compact disk.

6. Data Bus

Adalah jalur-jalur perpindahan data antar modul dalam sistem komputer. Karena pada suatu saat tertentu masing-masing saluran hanya dapat membawa 1 bit data, maka jumlah saluran menentukan jumlah bit yang dapat ditransfer pada suatu saat. Lebar data bus ini menentukan kinerja sistem secara keseluruhan. Sifatnya bidirectional, artinya CPU dapat membaca dan menirma data melalui data bus ini. Data bus biasanya terdiri atas 8, 16, 32, atau 64 jalur paralel.

7. Address Bus

Digunakan untuk menandakan lokasi sumber ataupun tujuan pada proses transfer data. Pada jalur ini, CPU akan mengirimkan alamat memori yang akan ditulis atau dibaca.Address bus biasanya terdiri atas 16, 20, 24, atau 32 jalur paralel.

8. Control Bus

Control Bus digunakan untuk mengontrol penggunaan serta akses ke Data Bus dan Address Bus. Terdiri atas 4 samapai 10 jalur paralel.

Untuk memudahkan Blogger dalam memahami arti dari Input,Output dan Pemproses, saya akan membuat definisi salah satu Hardware,,,Dalam kesempatan kali ini, Hardware yang akan saya bahas adalah Hardisk

Hardisk

A.Definisi Hardisk

Hardisk merupakan Hardware tempat penyimpanan sekunder dimana data disimpan sebagai pulsa magnetik pada piringan metal yang berputar yang terintegrasi.Hardisk juga dapat disebut memory Permanen karena dapat tetap menyimpan data walaupun aliran listrik pada computer telah mati,berbeda dengan RAM yang tidak dapat menyimpan data secara permanent karena jika aliran listrik mati,data-data nya pun tidak dapat disimpan.Hardisk dapat bersifat Input maupun Output. Hardisk Bersifat Input apabila hardisk mentransfer data ke Hardisk lainya atau Ke flashdisk, Hardisk juga dapat bersifat Output apabila ada data yang dikirimkan ke hardisk ini.Berikut ini merupakan Contoh Hardisk:

Pada Hardisk,Data disimpan dalam lingkaran konsentris yang disebut track. Tiap track dibagi dalam beberapa segment yang dikenal sebagai sector. Untuk melakukan operasi baca tulis data dari dan ke piringan, harddisk menggunakan head untuk melakukannya, yang berada disetiap piringan. Head inilah yang selanjut bergerak mencari sector-sector tertentu untuk dilakukan operasi terhadapnya. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencari sector disebut seek time. Setelah menemukan sector yang diinginkan, maka head akan berputar untuk mencari track. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencari track ini dinamakan latency.

B.Sejarah Hardisk

Harddisk pada awal perkembangannya didominasi oleh perusahaan raksasa yang menjadi standard komputer yaitu IBM. Ditahun-tahun berikutnya muncul perusahaan-perusahaan lain antara lain Seagate, Quantum, Conner sampai dengan Hewlet Packard’s di tahun 1992. Pada awalnya teknologi yang digunakan untuk baca/tulis, antara head baca/tulisnya dan piringan metal penyimpannya saling menyentuh. Tetapi pada saat ini hal ini dihindari, dikarenakan kecepatan putar harddisk saat ini yang tinggi, sentuhan pada piringan metal penyimpan justru akan merusak fisik dari piringan tersebut. Berikut ini Sejarah Singkatnya:

1. Punched Card

Data storage tertua yang diketahui adalah punch card, diciptakan pada tahun 1725 oleh Basile Bouchon pada saat itu penggunaannya adalah untuk menyimpan data pola tenun kain dengan cara melubangi gulungan kertas.

2. Selectron Tube

Pada tahun 1946 RCA mulai membuat Selectron Tube yang merupakan bentukmemori pertama berbasis komputer dengan ukuran panjang sekitar 30 cmdengan kapasitas 4 Kb, memori ini tidak berumur panjang dipasarankarena harganya terlalu mahal.

3. Magnetic Tape

Magnetic tape merupakan media penyimpanan data yang biasanya digunakan untuk komputer jenis mini ataupun mainframe

4.Floppy Disk

Pada tahun 1969 disket pertama kali diperkenalkan dengan ukuran 20 cmmampu menampung data 80 Kb tetapi hanya untuk sekali pakai, 4 tahunkemudian dengan ukuran yang sama, ditingkatkan lagi kemampuannyamenjadi 256 Kb dan bisa dipakai berulang-ulang. Tahun demi tahun ukurandisket semakin kecil dan kemampuan menyimpan datanya semakin besar pula.Namun Pada saat sekarang,diskete sudah mulai jarang digunakan karena MuncuLnya “Hardisk”

5.Hardisk

Pada 13 September 1956 IBM memperkenalkan Komputer model terbarunya IBM 305 RAMAC,pada saat itu merupakan revolusi karena IBM 305 RAMAC disertai denganHardisk pertama di dunia dengan kapasitas yang luar biasa yaitu 4,4 MB.Hardisknya sendiri terdiri dari 50 keping piringan berukuran 60 cm. IBMmenyewakan komputer ini seharga Rp. 30 jutaan perbulan.
Hardisk masih terus dipakai sampai sekarang dengan ukuran yang lebihkecil dan dengan kapasitas yang tentu saja jauh lebih besar.

Jika dibandingkan Hardisk pertama, hardisk generasi baru inikapasitasnya bisa sekitar 200,000 kali lipat, kapasitasnya juga bukanlagi Mega Bites tapi Giga Bites bahkan Tera Bites.
Masih banyak Data Storage lain pada saat ini yang terus berkembangdengan berbagai macam genre dan variannya semacam CD, DVD, Flash, SD,MicroSD, BlueRay dan sebagainya.

Kecepatan Putar Disk

Kecepatan putar pada jaman awal sekitar 3600RPM. Dengan semakin berkembangnya teknologi, kecepatan putar ditingkatkan menjadi 4500RPM dan 5400RPM. Karena kebutuhan media penyimpan yang mempunyai kemampuan tinggi dibuatlah dengan kecepatan 7200RPM yang digunakan pada harddisk SCSI.

Berikut tabel kecepatan harddisk yang diaplikasikan pada berbagai jenis interface yang berbeda :

3. Kapasitas

Kapasitas harddisk pada saat ini sudah mencapai orde ratusan GB bahkan TB(Terra Byte). Hal ini dikarenakan teknologi bahan yang semakin baik, kerapatan data yang semakin tinggi. Teknologi dari Western Digital saat ini telah mampu membuat harddisk 200GB dengan kecepatan 7200RPM. Sedangkan Maxtor dengan Maxtor MaxLine II-nya yaitu harddisk berukuran 300GB dengan kecepatan 5400RPM. Beriringan dengan transisi ke ukuran harddisk yang lebih kecil dan kapasitas yang semakin besar terjadi penurunan dramatik dalam harga per megabyte penyimpanan, membuat hardisk kapasitas besar tercapai harganya oleh para pemakai komputer biasa.

1. Input Device

   Input device bisa diartikan sebagai peralatan yang berfungsi untuk memasukkan data ke-dalam komputer. Jenis input device yang dimiliki oleh komputer cukup banyak.

   Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, mata manusia juga bisa diartikan sebagai salah satu input device yang berfungsi untuk memasukkan data kedalam otak manusia. Membaca bisa diartikan sebagai memasukkan data (kedalam otak manusia) melalui mata.

2. c. Output Device

   Output device bisa diartikan sebagai peralatan yang berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan hasil pemrosesan ataupun pengolahan data yang berasal dari CPU kedalam suatu media yang dapat dibaca oleh manusia ataupun dapat digunakan untuk penyimpanan data hasil proses. Jenis output device yang dimiliki oleh komputer cukup banyak.

   Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, menulis, juga bisa dikatakan sebagai suatu cara untuk mengeluarkan hasil pemikiran kedalam suatu media sehingga bisa dibaca oleh manusia. Media yang dipergunakan untuk menulis bisa berupa kertas ataupun bentuk lainnya

1. Output Device, adalah perangkat komputer yang berguna untuk menghasilkan keluaran, apakah
   itu ke kertas (hardcopy), ke layar monitor (softcopy) atau keluaran berupa suara. Contohnya
   printer, speaker, plotter, monitor dan banyak yang lainnya. Dari penjelasan diatas dapat kita
   simpulkan bahwa prinsip kerja komputer tersebut diawali memasukkan data dari perangkat
   input, lalu data tersebut diolah sedemikian rupa oleh CPU sesuai yang kita inginkan dan data
   yang telah diolah tadi disimpan dalam memori komputer atau disk. Data yang disimpan dapat
   kita lihat hasilnya melalui perangkat keluaran.

Input Device, adalah perangkat-perangkat keras komputer yang berfungsi untuk memasukkan
data ke dalam memori komputer, seperti keyboard, mouse, joystick dan lain-lain.

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